用户如何有效地利用数据字典（oracle),,CIO之家

ORACLE的数据字典是数据库的重要组成部分之一，它随着数据库的产生而产生, 随着数据库的变化而变化,
体现为sys用户下的一些表和视图。数据字典名称是大写的英文字符。

数据字典里存有用户信息、用户的权限信息、所有数据对象信息、表的约束条件、统计分析数据库的视图等。
我们不能手工修改数据字典里的信息。

　　很多时候，一般的ORACLE用户不知道如何有效地利用它。

　　dictionary　　　全部数据字典表的名称和解释，它有一个同义词dict
    dict_column　　全部数据字典表里字段名称和解释

    如果我们想查询跟索引有关的数据字典时，可以用下面这条SQL语句:

    SQL>select * from dictionary where instr(comments,'index')>0;

    如果我们想知道user_indexes表各字段名称的详细含义，可以用下面这条SQL语句:

    SQL>select column_name,comments from dict_columns where table_name='USER_INDEXES';

    依此类推，就可以轻松知道数据字典的详细名称和解释，不用查看ORACLE的其它文档资料了。

    下面按类别列出一些ORACLE用户常用数据字典的查询使用方法。

    一、用户

查看当前用户的缺省表空间
SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users;

查看当前用户的角色
SQL>select * from user_role_privs;

查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限
SQL>select * from user_sys_privs;
SQL>select * from user_tab_privs;

    二、表

    查看用户下所有的表
    SQL>select * from user_tables;

    查看名称包含log字符的表
    SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects
        where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0;

    查看某表的创建时间
    SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name');

    查看某表的大小
    SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
        where segment_name=upper('&table_name');

    查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表
    SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0;

    三、索引

    查看索引个数和类别
    SQL>select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes order by table_name;

    查看索引被索引的字段
    SQL>select * from user_ind_columns where index_name=upper('&index_name');

    查看索引的大小
    SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
        where segment_name=upper('&index_name');

    四、序列号

    查看序列号，last_number是当前值
    SQL>select * from user_sequences;

    五、视图

    查看视图的名称
    SQL>select view_name from user_views;

    查看创建视图的select语句
    SQL>set view_name,text_length from user_views;
    SQL>set long 2000; 说明：可以根据视图的text_length值设定set long 的大小
    SQL>select text from user_views where view_name=upper('&view_name');

    六、同义词

    查看同义词的名称
    SQL>select * from user_synonyms;

    七、约束条件

    查看某表的约束条件
    SQL>select constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition, r_constraint_name
        from user_constraints where table_name = upper('&table_name');

SQL>select c.constraint_name,c.constraint_type,cc.column_name
    from user_constraints c,user_cons_columns cc
    where c.owner = upper('&table_owner') and c.table_name = upper('&table_name')
    and c.owner = cc.owner and c.constraint_name = cc.constraint_name
    order by cc.position;

    八、存储函数和过程

    查看函数和过程的状态
    SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='FUNCTION';
    SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='PROCEDURE';

    查看函数和过程的源代码
    SQL>select text from all_source where owner=user and name=upper('&plsql_name');

    九、触发器

    查看触发器

    set long 50000;
    set heading off;
    set pagesize 2000;

    select
    'create or replace trigger "' ||
            trigger_name || '"' || chr(10)||
     decode( substr( trigger_type, 1, 1 ),
             'A', 'AFTER', 'B', 'BEFORE', 'I', 'INSTEAD OF' ) ||
                  chr(10) ||
     triggering_event || chr(10) ||
     'ON "' || table_owner || '"."' ||
           table_name || '"' || chr(10) ||
     decode( instr( trigger_type, 'EACH ROW' ), 0, null,
                'FOR EACH ROW' ) || chr(10) ,
     trigger_body
    from user_triggers;

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以下表格中收集了Oracle数据字典中几乎所有的视图或别名，至于每个视图或别名的字段请用‘Describe’语句来查询。

　　命名说明：

　　Oracle数据字典中，对象名称多数以"USER."，"ALL."，"DBA."为前缀"USER."视图中记录通常记录执行查询的帐户所拥有的对象的信息，"ALL."视图中记录包括"USER"记录和授权至PUBLIC或用户的对象的信息，"DBA."视图包含所有数据库对象，而不管其所有者。

　　使用举例：

　　select * from dba_data_files

　　查询表空间的信息(当前用户必须拥有DBA角色)。

　　select owner , object_name ,object_type from all_objects

　　查询某一用户下的所有表、过程、函数等信息。

视图名
描述

ALL_CATALOG All tables, views, synonyms, sequences accessible to the user
ALL_COL_COMMENTS Comments on columns of accessible tables and views
ALL_COL_GRANTS_MADE Grants on columns for which the user is owner or grantor
ALL_COL_GRANTS_RECD Grants on columns for which the user or PUBLIC is the grantee
ALL_COL_PRIVS Grants on columns for which the user is the grantor, grantee, owner, or an enabled role or PUBLIC is the grantee
ALL_COL_PRIVS_MADE Grants on columns for which the user is owner or grantor
ALL_COL_PRIVS_RECD Grants on columns for which the user, PUBLIC or enabled role is the grantee
ALL_CONSTRAINTS Constraint definitions on accessible tables
ALL_CONS_COLUMNS Information about accessible columns in constraint definitions
ALL_DB_LINKS Database links accessible to the user
ALL_DEF_AUDIT_OPTS Auditing options for newly created objects
ALL_DEPENDENCIES Dependencies to and from objects accessible to the user
ALL_ERRORS Current errors on stored objects that user is allowed to create
ALL_INDEXES Descriptions of indexes on tables accessible to the user
ALL_IND_COLUMNS COLUMNs comprising INDEXes on accessible TABLES
ALL_OBJECTS Objects accessible to the user
ALL_REFRESH All the refresh groups that the user can touch
ALL_REFRESH_CHILDREN All the objects in refresh groups, where the user can touch the group
ALL_SEQUENCES Description of SEQUENCEs accessible to the user
ALL_SNAPSHOTS Snapshots the user can look at
ALL_SOURCE Current source on stored objects that user is allowed to create
ALL_SYNONYMS All synonyms accessible to the user
ALL_TABLES Description of tables accessible to the user
ALL_TAB_COLUMNS Columns of all tables, views and clusters
ALL_TAB_COMMENTS Comments on tables and views accessible to the user
ALL_TAB_GRANTS_MADE User's grants and grants on user's objects
ALL_TAB_GRANTS_RECD Grants on objects for which the user or PUBLIC is the grantee
ALL_TAB_PRIVS Grants on objects for which the user is the grantor, grantee, owner, or an enabled role or PUBLIC is the grantee
ALL_TAB_PRIVS_MADE User's grants and grants on user's objects
ALL_TAB_PRIVS_RECD Grants on objects for which the user, PUBLIC or enabled role is the grantee
ALL_TRIGGERS Triggers accessible to the current user
ALL_TRIGGER_COLS Column usage in user's triggers or in triggers on user's tables
ALL_USERS Information about all users of the database
ALL_VIEWS Text of views accessible to the user
USER_AUDIT_CONNECT Audit trail entries for user logons/logoffs
USER_AUDIT_OBJECT Audit trail records for statements concerning objects, specifically: table, cluster, view, index, sequence, [public] database link, [public] synonym, procedure, trigger, rollback segment, tablespace, role, user
USER_AUDIT_SESSION 　
USER_AUDIT_STATEMENT Audit trail records concerning grant, revoke, audit, noaudit and alter system
USER_AUDIT_TRAIL Audit trail entries relevant to the user
USER_CATALOG Tables, Views, Synonyms and Sequences owned by the user
USER_CLUSTERS Descriptions of user's own clusters
USER_CLU_COLUMNS Mapping of table columns to cluster columns
USER_COL_COMMENTS Comments on columns of user's tables and views
USER_COL_GRANTS Grants on columns for which the user is the owner, grantor or grantee
USER_COL_GRANTS_MADE All grants on columns of objects owned by the user
USER_COL_GRANTS_RECD Grants on columns for which the user is the grantee
USER_COL_PRIVS Grants on columns for which the user is the owner, grantor or grantee
USER_COL_PRIVS_MADE All grants on columns of objects owned by the user
USER_COL_PRIVS_RECD Grants on columns for which the user is the grantee
USER_CONSTRAINTS Constraint definitions on user's own tables
USER_CONS_COLUMNS Information about accessible columns in constraint definitions
USER_CROSS_REFS Cross references for user's views and synonyms
USER_DB_LINKS Database links owned by the user
USER_DEPENDENCIES Dependencies to and from a users objects
USER_ERRORS Current errors on stored objects owned by the user
USER_EXTENTS Extents comprising segments owned by the user
USER_FREE_SPACE Free extents in tablespaces accessible to the user
USER_INDEXES Description of the user's own indexes
USER_IND_COLUMNS COLUMNs comprising user's INDEXes or on user's TABLES
USER_JOBS All jobs owned by this user
USER_OBJECTS Objects owned by the user
USER_OBJECT_SIZE Sizes, in bytes, of various pl/sql objects
USER_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTS Auditing options for user's own tables and views
USER_REFRESH All the refresh groups
USER_REFRESH_CHILDREN All the objects in refresh groups, where the user owns the refresh group
USER_RESOURCE_LIMITS Display resource limit of the user
USER_ROLE_PRIVS Roles granted to current user
USER_SEGMENTS Storage allocated for all database segments
USER_SEQUENCES Description of the user's own SEQUENCEs
USER_SNAPSHOTS Snapshots the user can look at
USER_SNAPSHOT_LOGS All snapshot logs owned by the user
USER_SOURCE Source of stored objects accessible to the user
USER_SYNONYMS The user's private synonyms
USER_SYS_PRIVS System privileges granted to current user
USER_TABLES Description of the user's own tables
USER_TABLESPACES Description of accessible tablespaces
USER_TAB_AUDIT_OPTS Auditing options for user's own tables and views
USER_TAB_COLUMNS Columns of user's tables, views and clusters
USER_TAB_COMMENTS Comments on the tables and views owned by the user
USER_TAB_GRANTS Grants on objects for which the user is the owner, grantor or grantee
USER_TAB_GRANTS_MADE All grants on objects owned by the user
USER_TAB_GRANTS_RECD Grants on objects for which the user is the grantee
USER_TAB_PRIVS Grants on objects for which the user is the owner, grantor or grantee
USER_TAB_PRIVS_MADE All grants on objects owned by the user
USER_TAB_PRIVS_RECD Grants on objects for which the user is the grantee
USER_TRIGGERS Triggers owned by the user
USER_TRIGGER_COLS Column usage in user's triggers
USER_TS_QUOTAS Tablespace quotas for the user
USER_USERS Information about the current user
USER_VIEWS Text of views owned by the user
AUDIT_ACTIONS Description table for audit trail action type codes. Maps action type numbers to action type names
COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Grants on columns for which the user is the grantor, grantee, owner, or an enabled role or PUBLIC is the grantee
DICTIONARY Description of data dictionary tables and views
DICT_COLUMNS Description of columns in data dictionary tables and views
DUAL 　
GLOBAL_NAME global database name
INDEX_HISTOGRAM statistics on keys with repeat count
INDEX_STATS statistics on the b-tree
RESOURCE_COST Cost for each resource
ROLE_ROLE_PRIVS Roles which are granted to roles
ROLE_SYS_PRIVS System privileges granted to roles
ROLE_TAB_PRIVS Table privileges granted to roles
SESSION_PRIVS Privileges which the user currently has set
SESSION_ROLES Roles which the user currently has enabled.
TABLE_PRIVILEGES Grants on objects for which the user is the grantor, grantee, owner, or an enabled role or PUBLIC is the grantee
ACCESSIBLE_COLUMNS Synonym for ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
ALL_COL_GRANTS Synonym for COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
ALL_JOBS Synonym for USER_JOBS
ALL_TAB_GRANTS Synonym for TABLE_PRIVILEGES
CAT Synonym for USER_CATALOG
CLU Synonym for USER_CLUSTERS
COLS Synonym for USER_TAB_COLUMNS
DBA_AUDIT_CONNECT Synonym for USER_AUDIT_CONNECT
DBA_AUDIT_RESOURCE Synonym for USER_AUDIT_RESOURCE
DBA_REFRESH_CHILDREN Synonym for USER_REFRESH_CHILDREN
DICT Synonym for DICTIONARY
IND Synonym for USER_INDEXES
OBJ Synonym for USER_OBJECTS
SEQ Synonym for USER_SEQUENCES
SM$VERSION Synonym for SM_$VERSION
SYN Synonym for USER_SYNONYMS
TABS Synonym for USER_TABLES
V$ACCESS Synonym for V_$ACCESS
V$ARCHIVE Synonym for V_$ARCHIVE
V$BACKUP Synonym for V_$BACKUP
V$BGPROCESS Synonym for V_$BGPROCESS
V$CIRCUIT Synonym for V_$CIRCUIT
V$COMPATIBILITY Synonym for V_$COMPATIBILITY
V$COMPATSEG Synonym for V_$COMPATSEG
V$CONTROLFILE Synonym for V_$CONTROLFILE
V$DATABASE Synonym for V_$DATABASE
V$DATAFILE Synonym for V_$DATAFILE
V$DBFILE Synonym for V_$DBFILE
V$DBLINK Synonym for V_$DBLINK
V$DB_OBJECT_CACHE Synonym for V_$DB_OBJECT_CACHE
V$DISPATCHER Synonym for V_$DISPATCHER
V$ENABLEDPRIVS Synonym for V_$ENABLEDPRIVS
V$FILESTAT Synonym for V_$FILESTAT
V$FIXED_TABLE Synonym for V_$FIXED_TABLE
V$LATCH Synonym for V_$LATCH
V$LATCHHOLDER Synonym for V_$LATCHHOLDER
V$LATCHNAME Synonym for V_$LATCHNAME
以下表格中收集了Oracle数据字典中几乎所有的视图或别名，至于每个视图或别名的字段请用‘Describe’语句来查询。

　　命名说明：

　　Oracle数据字典中，对象名称多数以"USER."，"ALL."，"DBA."为前缀"USER."视图中记录通常记录执行查询的帐户所拥有的对象的信息，"ALL."视图中记录包括"USER"记录和授权至PUBLIC或用户的对象的信息，"DBA."视图包含所有数据库对象，而不管其所有者。

　　使用举例：

　　select * from dba_data_files

　　查询表空间的信息(当前用户必须拥有DBA角色)。

　　select owner , object_name ,object_type from all_objects

　　查询某一用户下的所有表、过程、函数等信息。

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